At the beginning of a forest regeneration measure, the following questions in particular must be answered: Which tree species are currently stocked in the forest and are these tree species suitable for the location? To answer these questions some tips for reforestation could be helpful.
The assessment of the existing stand can often be sufficient to make the right decision when choosing tree species for afforestation. Particularly in view of progressive climate change, a wrong decision can have considerable consequences for the forest and its owners. In any case, for reasons of possible production and sales risks, the choice of tree species is important. If possible, establish mixed stands of two or more tree species [1].
Here are 4 tips for reforestation:
1. Rejuvenation
Robust tree species in need of light are particularly suitable for outdoor cultivation. If in the case of deciduous forest afforestation, consideration is also given to the later cultivation of valuable wood, therefore a suitable mix must be selected at the time of afforestation.
Partial area plantings, such as troop or row afforestation, belong already to the stand area requirements of the target trees. Therefore, they offer an excellent basis for later thinning and maintenance measures.
Where natural rejuvenation is not possible or does not meet the forest owner’s objectives, artificial rejuvenation must be used. In artificial rejuvenation, genetically improved seed and plant material are used [2].
2. Plant procurement
When purchasing forest plants, it is essential to pay attention to the origin as well as the suitability for the altitude of the afforestation. Only these plants offer the desired genetic characteristics of the future trees in terms of quality and resistance.
The quality of the planting material determines the success of the cultivation! Therefore, the integrity and vitality of the planting material must be checked directly when the plants are taken over. The storage of the trees is also decisive for the success of the cultivation. Larger quantities of planting material should therefore be put in a shady location close to the planting site immediately [3].
3. Planting
The right time and careful planting are just as important for success as plant quality. It is possible to plant footless plants in spring or autumn, potted plants in the frost-free period throughout the year. The ideal planting method is hole planting with the lowest risk of failure and root deformation [4].
In order to minimize losses, it is essential to plant in the mineral soil, cover the roots completely with soil and carefully press the soil around the plant. Nothing should stand in the way of successful reforestation.
4. Protection against wildlife browsing
Excessive stocks of hoofed game endanger the rejuvenation! In the long term, only an effective reduction of the game population by the person authorized to hunt can help. Since very different interests often clash, technical protection measures for regeneration can provide a remedy as an interim solution.
A game protection fence is the most economical and most effective protection measure for the forest owner, provided that the terrain and area conditions allow it. However, in addition to the erection, the annual maintenance effort and the need for removal after the crop has been secured must also be taken into account [5].
In smaller areas, the individual forest plants can also be provided with protective covers. However, individual protective covers must also be checked annually. In most cases, they remove again after the crop has been secured. The development of secured crops must be monitored continuously. The minimum amount of maintenance required by individual topiary cuts, if any, determines the future of a hardwood stand.
References:
[1] Selecting Suitable Tree Species, https://www.uidaho.edu/-/media/UIdaho-Responsive/Files/Extension/topic/forestry/TPC9-Selecting-Suitable-Tree-Species.pdf
[2] Forests and Forestry in Latvia, http://www.fao.org/3/w3722E/w3722e21.htm
[3] How to Buy and Plant Trees, https://garden.org/learn/articles/view/312/
[4] Best Time To Plant Trees, https://www.gardenmyths.com/best-time-planting-trees/
[5] Game Protection & Plant Protection | Care for your forest and vines – Increase the value!, https://www.witasek.com/shop/en/game-protection-plant-protection/?p=1
